A small amount.

“Can I try a little of that sauce?”

Small in size.

“This is a little table.”

Insignificant, trivial.

“It's of little importance.”

Very young.

“Did he tell you any embarrassing stories about when she was little?”

Not much.

“This is a little known fact.  She spoke little and listened less.”

Not at all.

“I was speaking ill of Fred; little did I know that he was right behind me, listening in.”

Not much; not a large amount.

“Little is known about his early life.”