An autocrat or dominant critic, especially Samuel Johnson.

“1997: "Sitting at a table, drinking Ale, observing the Mist thro’ the Window-Panes, Mason forty-five, the Cham sixty-four." — Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon”

A ruler over various Turkish, Tatar and Mongol peoples in the Middle Ages.

An Ottoman sultan.

A noble or man of rank in various Muslim countries of Central Asia, including Afghanistan.

A caravanserai; a resting-place for a travelling caravan.